The current Acadian population of Canada is descended from the inhabitants of Acadia who returned to Canada after the deportation or who escaped it by taking refuge in remote parts of the colony.
Lawrence estuary. New Brunswick is where the Acadian francophone population is most vital and Acadian francophone institutions are the strongest. It is also the Atlantic province where government support for French is greatest and is guaranteed by the provincial constitution New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province in Canada. In the three other Atlantic provinces, only about half of all people who have French as their mother tongue also have it as the language that they speak most often at home, and provincial government support for French does not go far beyond the education system.
Other examples include the use of bailler instead of donner to give , the use of ne One reason that Acadian French is so conservative is that Acadia was cut off from France quite early on in , and even during the preceding French colonial period, contacts with people from France, including colonial administrators, were fairly limited. Corpuses of oral language gathered in various parts of the vast area where Acadians now live show that Acadian French varies from one region to another. For example, within New Brunswick and Nova Scotia respectively, linguistics scholar Karin Flikeid found considerable variation in the ways that the nasal vowels of French are pronounced.
For example, in the latter region, the archaic verb endings mentioned earlier are almost non-existent. There are also some differences in how English has influenced the development of Acadian French. This influence is far weaker in cities and regions where francophones are in the majority for example, in northeastern New Brunswick than in those where they are in the minority as in the southeastern New Brunswick city of Moncton and in Nova Scotia.
In these latter communities, francophones use a register that involves borrowing many terms from English and incorporating them into utterances in traditional Acadian French.
This mode of expression, especially vivid in the younger generations, is commonly referred to as chiac and is probably used mostly for communicating with other members of the communities where it is spoken, rather than with francophones from elsewhere.
Although chiac is disparaged by some members of the Acadian elite, it does convey a certain dimension of Acadian identity that is valued by authors such as Dano Leblanc and France Daigle and singers such as Lisa LeBlanc, who use it in their literary and musical creations. Linguists are currently studying the place of chiac in the communicative repertoire of its users, as well as its acceptability for communicating with francophones who do not come from the communities where it is used.
As a result of these unions, Aboriginal people appropriated French, which supplanted the Aboriginal languages that mothers had originally passed on to their children. The wave of immigration from Europe occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was stimulated mainly by the agricultural land that was still available then in these three provinces.
For linguists, what makes these communities interesting is that they offer a chance to study the development of French in situations where different dialects are in contact. Although a limited amount of in-depth research that has been done on this subject, studies by Robert Papen and Anne-Sophie Marchand show that in those western Canadian communities where francophones with European backgrounds form a sizeable contingent, their French is not completely aligned with Canadian French and preserves several usages typical of the French of their ancestors.
Most likely, part of the explanation for the continued heterogeneity of the French dialects spoken in these mixed communities is that these two groups of francophones began to live together only relatively recently. The issues involved in the evolution of French in Madawaska are similar to those in the mixed francophone communities of Manitoba and Saskatchewan discussed in the preceding section.
An effort should be made to investigate these phenomena of dialect mixing further, with a contemporary corpus, and to relate them to the sense of identity of the francophones in this region, which seems to have grown more Acadian in recent years. Research on the French-language skills of anglophone students who have just graduated from bilingual education programs has shown that although these students have a far better mastery of French than those who have studied French as an academic subject, their skills are still inferior to those of francophones their age.
They understand French better than they speak or write it, and they make mistakes mainly in manipulating the elements of grammar and vocabulary. This same study also showed that the French of these anglophones has a certain local flavour. In contrast, in Toronto , a large city whose francophone community is multiethnic and represents only 1. According to the census, the Canadian population included 6,, people who were born abroad; out of this total, Until now, the French spoken by immigrants to Canada, whether francophone or not, has received little attention from linguists.
In a study of the speech of immigrants from France who were living in Toronto, Gilles Forlot found that their French diverged from the French of their mother country in some respects that were attributable more to the influence of English or to language attrition than to their having adopted any traits of Canadian French.
Ruth King, "Acadian French in time and space: A study in morphosyntax and comparative sociolinguistics , " Publication of the American Dialect Society 97 : Search The Canadian Encyclopedia. Remember me. I forgot my password. Of course, some areas have more French speakers than others. New Brunswick is bilingual, like the country of Canada as a whole.
In some parts of the province, one is more likely to bump into francophones, and in other regions, more likely to meet anglophones. Many people are actually bilingual French-English, and like many other areas of Canada, there are other languages spoken as well most common are Mi'kmaq and Chinese. Ontario is one such area that has a large population of francophones.
In Ontario, approximately 4. Ontario, in an effort to promote bilingualism in Canada, has many bilingual schools where native English speaking children are exposed to and learn French starting at an early age.
There are also some small French-speaking communities in the western provinces of Canada. In Manitoba, a small francophone population exists, and in Alberta, approximately 2 percent of the population is native French speaking. Another Canadian island where French is spoken is Prince Edward Island; particularly on the western side. Also, don't confuse the islands of St-Pierre et Miquelon with the rest of Canada.
By , two hundred settlers who were mainly fur traders occupied Quebec. A secondary school was founded in Quebec in by Jesuit to offer education to the Children in the city. French became the language of the non-native people in Quebec by However, the Treaty of Utrecht in led to the British dominating much of the Eastern Canada relegating French to second on trade and communication.
Out of necessity, several schools adopted the teaching of English as the country became bilingual. The Anglicization of Canada was not successful because the French-speaking inhabitants continued to speak French only. In , Quebec Act was passed by the parliament to restore French Civil laws. French was declared an official language alongside English in the Official Languages Act of
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