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Key Points In prokaryotes genetic material is not enclosed in a membrane-enclosed nucleus and has access to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Transcription is known to be controlled by a variety of regulators in prokaryotes. Many of these transcription factors are homodimers containing helix-turn-helix DNA -binding motifs. Advanced Biology. Posted on September 22, by Questions House.
Table of Contents. Questions House. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Another advantage to coupled transcription and translation is that it provides a novel mechanism for gene regulation.
At high concentrations of tryptophan, base pairing within the 5-prime UTR terminates transcription. At low concentrations of tryptophan, a different combination of base pairing within the 5-prime UTR allows transcription to occur.
Genetics: A Conceptual Approach , 2nd ed. All rights reserved. Colored regions along the cylinder represent important structural regions. In the 5-prime-UTR, a light green segment represents the ribosome binding site, a green segment represents the start codon, two dark blue segments represent region 1, two small light blue regions represent Trp codons, an orange segment represents region 2, a bright blue segment represents region 3, and a brown segment represents region 4.
In the trp E gene, a green segment represents the start codon and a pink segment represents the trp E gene. In the lower panel, the attenuation and anti-termination DNA conformations of the 5-prime UTR are shown in two side-by-side schematic illustrations.
In the attenuation conformation, the dark blue segments of region 1 base pair with the orange segment of region 2, and the bright blue segment of region 3 base pairs with the brown segment of region 4. Small hairpin loops are present between regions 1 and 2 and between regions 3 and 4. A large loop is present between regions 2 and 3. This conformation occurs in the presence of high levels of tryptophan, and it causes a termination of transcription.
In the anti-termination conformation, regions 2 and 3 base pair, leaving regions 1 and 4 unpaired. The loops between regions 1 and 2 and between regions 3 and 4 are larger than in the attenuation conformation, and the loop between regions 2 and 3 is smaller.
This conformation occurs in the presence of low levels of tryptophan, and it allows transcription to proceed. This relationship can be exploited to provide a gene regulatory mechanism that is unique to prokaryotes. One example of this kind of regulation is provided by the trp operon , which has been well studied in E.
The trp operon is a cluster of genes involved in production of the amino acid tryptophan trp. In fact, an important mechanism by which the trp operon is regulated is called attenuation ; this clever feedback mechanism makes use of the fact that transcription and translation occur simultaneously in E.
Attenuation, or dampening, of the trp operon is made possible by the fact that the rate of translation influences RNA structure, which in turn influences the rate of transcription. Translation therefore interferes with transcription, making this an example of translation-mediated transcription attenuation.
Mechanistically, this kind of attenuation is achieved because special sequences located near the beginning of the transcript, called the leader trpL , interact to create two possible RNA conformations: one that terminates transcription the terminator stem , and one that is permissive to transcription the anti-terminator stem Figure 1. The mechanism by which formation of the terminator stem disrupts continued transcription is now understood.
Interestingly, the choice between terminator and anti-terminator stem conformations depends on the speed of translation. This adds an additional layer of complexity to the system, as the rate of translation is affected by the availability of trp.
Given that trp is an amino acid used to build proteins, the availability of trp will influence the rate at which proteins that contain a lot of trp residues are created. Because the trpL region encodes a trp-rich polypeptide , its translation will be fast when trp is plentiful, and slow when it is not.
In turn, quick translation of trpL leads to formation of the terminator stem and attenuation of continued expression of the trp operon. Thus, when trp is plentiful, the coupled processes of transcription and translation respond and shut down. When it comes to gene regulation , prokaryotes and eukaryotes have evolved the best systems to suit their particular needs.
While bacteria and other prokaryotes make use of paired transcription and translation on a variety of levels, eukaryotes have developed a more complex system, with different mechanisms of gene regulation. Indeed, knowledge of the diversity of gene regulatory mechanisms deepens our appreciation of the diversity of nature.
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