A single-measure technique means the use of one indicator to measure the domain of a concept; the composite-measure technique means the use of several indicators to construct an index for the concept after the domain of the concept has been empirically sampled.
Hofstede has devised a composite-measure technique to measure cultural differences among different societies: Power distance index: The index measures the degree of inequality that exists in a society. Uncertainty avoidance index: The index measures the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain or ambiguous situations.
Individualism index: The index measure the extent to which a society is individualistic. Individualism refers to a loosely knit social framework in a society in which people are supposed to take care of themselves and their immediate families only.
The other end of the spectrum would be collectivism that occurs when there is a tight social framework in which people distinguish between in-groups and out-groups; they expect their in-groups relatives, clans, organizations to look after them in exchange for absolute loyalty. Masculinity index Achievement vs. Relationship : The index measures the extent to which the dominant values are assertiveness, money and things achievement , not caring for others or for quality of life.
The other end of the spectrum would be femininity relationship. Cultural awareness: Before venturing on a global assignment, it is probably necessary to identify the cultural differences that may exist between one's home country and the country of business operation.
Where the differences exist, one must decide whether and to what extent the home-country practices may be adapted to the foreign environment. Most of the times the differences are not very apparent or tangible.
Certain aspects of a culture may be learned consciously e. The building of cultural awareness may not be an easy task, but once accomplished, it definitely helps a job done efficiently in a foreign environment.
Discussions and reading about other cultures definitely helps build cultural awareness, but opinions presented must be carefully measured. Sometimes they may represent unwarranted stereotypes, an assessment of only a subgroup of a particular group of people, or a situation that has since undergone drastic changes.
It is always a good idea to get varied viewpoints about the same culture. Clustering cultures: Some countries may share many attributes that help mold their cultures the modifiers may be language, religion, geographical location, etc. Based on this data obtained from past cross-cultural studies, countries may be grouped by similarities in values and attitudes. Fewer differences may be expected when moving within a cluster than when moving from one cluster to another.
Determining the extent of global involvement: All enterprises operating globally need not have the same degree of cultural awareness. Figure 2 illustrates extent to which a company needs to understand global cultures at different levels of involvement.
The further a company moves out from the sole role of doing domestic business, the more it needs to understand cultural differences.
Moving outward on more than one axis simultaneously makes the need for building cultural awareness even more essential. Figure 2. Culture does include race, nationality, and ethnicity, but goes beyond those identity markers as well.
The following are various aspects of our individual identity that we use to create membership with others to form a shared cultural identity: race, ethnicity, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, and social class. In addition to explaining the above identities, we will also discuss ethnocentrism, privilege, advantage, disadvantage, power, whiteness, co-culture, and political correctness as these terms are relevant to understanding the interplay between communication and culture.
When we talk about culture we are referring to belief systems, values, and behaviors that support a particular ideology or social arrangement. Culture guides language use, appropriate forms of dress, and views of the world. The concept is broad and encompasses many areas of our lives such as the role of the family, individual, educational systems, employment, and gender. Race is often difficult to talk about, not because of the inherent complexity of the term itself, but because of the role that race plays in society.
Race is what we call a loaded word because it can bring up strong emotions and connotations. Understandings of race fall into two camps: a biological versus a sociopolitical construction of what it means to belong to a particular racial group.
Moreover, these differences could be traced back to genetic differences. This theory has been debunked by numerous scientists and been replaced with the understanding that there are greater genetic differences within racial groups, not between them. In addition, there is no scientific connection with racial identity and cultural traits or behaviors.
Instead of biology, we draw on a sociopolitical understanding of what it means to be of a particular race. We can also examine the reality that the meanings of race have changed across time and space. The wish is that a group of people might discover, together, a good way of life; that their good way of life might express itself in their habits, institutions, and activities; and that those, in turn, might help individuals flourish in their own ways.
Joshua Rothman , the ideas editor of newyorker. The New Yorker Recommends What our staff is reading, watching, and listening to each week. Enter your e-mail address. Britannica English: Translation of culture for Arabic Speakers. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! Log in Sign Up. Save Word. Essential Meaning of culture. There was a culture of success at the school.
Full Definition of culture Entry 1 of 2. Definition of culture Entry 2 of 2. Examples of culture in a Sentence Noun In this new view, genes allow the human mind to learn, remember, imitate, imprint language, absorb culture and express instincts. It's important to learn about other cultures.
The company's corporate culture is focused on increasing profits.
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